Titles of full works like books or newspapers should be italicized. Titles of short works like poems, articles, short stories, or chapters should be put in quotation marks. Titles of books that form a larger body of work may be put in quotation marks if the name of the book series is italicized.
Title should be 'simple, brief, clear and attractive' to precisely 'tell readers' about the research paper. It may not be a grammatically complete sentence. Redundant words like verbs and articles are best omitted. Waste words make title long and distracting.
The rules are fairly standard for title case:
- Capitalize the first and the last word.
- Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play withâ€), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.
- Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions (regardless of length).
The article title is followed by the name of the journal, which is italicized. Omit any introductory articles (e.g. A, An, The) from the journal name. Journal names are usually given in full, since it is not incorrect to spell out a journal name.
Heading / Title. By Line. Body (the main part of the article, 3-4 paragraphs) Conclusion (Ending paragraph of the article with the opinion or recommendation, anticipation or an appeal)
Tips for effective writing
- Start writing early —the earlier the better.
- Keep the essay question in mind.
- Don't try to write an essay from beginning to end, especially not in a single sitting.
- Write the introduction and conclusion after the body.
- Use 'signpost' words in your writing.
- Integrate your evidence carefully.
Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented 1/2 inch from the left margin while maintaining double-spacing. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)
The reference includes the name of the author and initial, the year in brackets, the title of the document in italics, the word online in square brackets, the place of publication, the publisher, the words available from: followed by the URL, and the date when the document was accessed in brackets.
Citation Guide: How to cite WEBSITES
- Provide the website name (without italics) in the source element.
- Include a period after the website name, followed by the URL.
- When the author of the work is the same as the website name, omit the site name from the source element to avoid repetition.
Basic format to reference journal articles
- Author or authors.
- Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
- Article title.
- Journal title (in italics).
- Volume of journal (in italics).
- Issue number of journal in round brackets (no italics).
- Page range of article.
- DOI or URL.
Example Citations: Articles
- AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Article Title." Journal Title, Version, Number, Publication Date, Page Numbers.
- L'Ambrosch, Zampoun and Teodolinda Roncaglia.
- Newspaper Article from an Online Database.
- Newspaper Article from Web or Print Source.
In-text citations include the last name of the author followed by a page number enclosed in parentheses. "Here's a direct quote" (Smith 8). If the author's name is not given, then use the first word or words of the title. Follow the same formatting that was used in the Works Cited list, such as quotation marks.
Notice that, in every style, the journal title is listed after the article title. Citations for magazine and newspaper articles are the same in this regard (that is, the periodical title will be the second title that you see).
When citing an electronic article retrieved from a database in the Chicago Style, remember to put the article title in italics and capitalize the appropriate words (NOT capitalizing the, and, or, of, etc. The title of the journal is also capitalized and italicized.
Start by listing the author's last name and first initials, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Provide the title of the article, but only capitalize the first letter of the title. Next, list the journal or periodical and volume number in italics, followed by the issue number in parentheses.
In APA, use italics for titles of books, scholarly journals, periodicals, films, videos, television shows, and microfilm publications. Quotation marks or italics are not required for articles, webpages, songs, episodes, etc.
Use double quotation marks for title of an article, a chapter, or a web page. Use italics for title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report. Two or more authors: Within the text use the word and. If the authors' names are within parentheses use the & symbol.
Cite the film at the end of the essay. Place the title of the film in quotation marks. Place the name of the director using first name, last name. Write the year the film was released followed by the distributor.
Basic format to reference an online case studyAuthor or authors. Case study title, in italics.
Titles of books, plays, films, periodicals, databases, and websites are italicized. Place titles in quotation marks if the source is part of a larger work. Articles, essays, chapters, poems, webpages, songs, and speeches are placed in quotation marks.
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines:
- Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides.
- Double-space all text, including headings.
- Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches.
- Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
Basic format for an APA journal citation
| Format | Last name, Initials. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page range. DOI or URL |
|---|
| In-text citation | (Mounier-Kuhn, 2012) |
ScienceDirect includes more than 2,650 peer-reviewed scientific, technical and health journals spanning 24 major scientific disciplines.
Periodicals are typically published and referenced by volume and issue (also known as issue number or number). Volume typically refers to the number of years the publication has been circulated, and issue refers to how many times that periodical has been published during that year.
What is a journal citation? Journal citations are used mainly in the sciences and social sciences to inform the reader about the source you have quoted or paraphrased in your work. When you cite a journal, the exact format will depend on the style you use, for example, Harvard, APA or MLA.
There are a couple of important things to know about DOIs. Not every article or resources has a DOI. DOIs are not related to the peer-review status of an article. Both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed articles can have DOIs.
Always include the issue number for a journal article. The reference in this case is the same as for a print journal article.
A good title contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper. The title is without doubt the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually read first.
An article refers to a piece of prose, often included in different publications, such as newspapers or magazines. Journal is a scholarly publication consisting of academic study, achievements and information concerning a particular discipline.
